NGC 224 - Heaven in Sky - Andromeda Galaxy

 

 NGC 224

When we look up, on a clear moonless night, away from any city lights, we can see thousands of stars glistening above us. But these are only a tiny portion of the stars that make up the Milky Way Galaxy, our galactic home. Beyond what we can see in the night's sky are hundreds of billions of other stars and beyond the Milky Way are billions of other vast galaxies. That bright smudge of light ahead is our sister Galaxy, Andromeda, the closest large Galaxy to ours and the most distant thing most of us humans can see with the unaided eye. From Earth, it is around 2.5 million light-years away, an incredibly vast distance. But luckily, by using this simulation, we can travel faster than the speed of light. We can leave our solar system within a blink of an eye. The planet that every single human has ever existed upon is now just a tiny speck. The Sun, just another star in a sea of bright dots.  

 

To understand the sheer scale of the Milky Way Galaxy, however, we need to travel more than 500 light-years vertically, a journey that will allow us to see our Galactic home in all its glory. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy and is around 13.6 billion years old. Large pivoting arms can be seen stretching out across the cosmos, creating a disk shape that spans an area more than 100,000 light-years. It's incredible to think that our star, the Sun, is just one of an uncountable number of stars that make up this Galaxy. Although it has been estimated to contain between 100 billion and 400 billion stars. As we drift ever further from the Milky Way’s bright glare, look into the distance, and you will see many mysterious glowing dots.

 

These are entire galaxies scattered across the observable universe. You may notice that the galaxies are not scattered randomly, instead, they are grouped in gravitationally bound clusters, interspersed with vast dark voids, giving the universe a magnificent cobweb-like structure. The observable universe contains at least one hundred billion galaxies, but there are possibly trillions, and they come in all kinds of different shapes and sizes. Most of these galaxies are extremely far away, however, and can only be seen with powerful telescopes.  But there are some that are, cosmically speaking, relatively close to the Milky Way, close enough to be part of what's called the local group. This group is a vast cluster of more than 30 galaxies, all within a space of around 10 million light-years or so. The Milky Way is just one of  three large galaxies in the local group, but it's not the largest, that would be the one that we are  currently heading towards the Andromeda Galaxy.

 

The magnificent cosmic structure is named after  the area from which it can be seen in the Earth's sky, the Andromeda constellation, which itself  is named after the Ethiopian princess who, according to Greek mythology, was saved  from certain death by the hero, Perseus. Like the Milky Way, Andromeda is a  barred spiral galaxy with enormous circling arms containing a wealth of gas, dust  and bright stars. Andromeda is significantly bigger than the Milky way, however, spanning  an area more than 200,000 light-years across. It also contains many more stars,  estimated to be around the 1 trillion mark. At its center, within that bright bulge hides  a mysterious supermassive black hole that is estimated to have a diameter of 516 million  miles, which is 830 million kilometers, larger than Jupiter's orbit. It contains enough  mass to equal that of 140 million Suns. Compared to Sagittarius a*, the supermassive black hole at  the center of the Milky Way, which only contains the same amount of mass as 4 million Suns however, it’s not just individual stars that orbit the center of this enormous Galaxy. 

That bright yellowish object just off to the side is called M110 and is one of many satellite galaxies that are gravitationally bound to Andromeda. These less massive galaxies have their own impressive collection of stars, all of which orbit their own center, but the galaxies and everything in them also orbits Andromeda. Like how the moon orbits the Earth, yet the Earth and the moon orbit the Sun. The Andromeda Galaxy is roughly 2.5 million light-years from the Milky Way, but that won't always be the case. Because both are on a collision course that will ultimately alter the structure of each galaxy forever. The galaxies are rushing closer to one another at about 70 miles per second, which is 112 kilometers per second, and it is estimated that the collision will begin in around 4.5 billion years from now. While this collision might seem like it could only end in destruction, galaxy mergers often lead to extreme bursts of star formation, leaving the nights sky awash with bright, new stars. Although unfortunately, humans probably won't be around long enough to see this majestic cosmic show play out. Regardless of what we will miss in the future, one thing we can do right now, is go outside on   a clear night and look up into the sky. Find the constellation of Andromeda, then the Galaxy and marvel at the only thing that we can see with the unaided eye that isn't part of the Milky Way. But that will one day join our galactic home and create a new Galaxy, the Milkomeda Galaxy.

 

 

ORDOS-KANGBASHI GHOST CITY

Why China is building empty cities? We're going to explore the secret behind the massive empty cities that China is building in the last few years sprawling over thousands of square feet. These mega-cities have the potential to be home to millions of people but in reality, there are hardly any people living in them. So let us understand why the Chinese are building these ghost cities even if there's no one living in them.

 INTRODUCTION

We're all aware that ever since the history of humankind cities are normally built around an abundance of resources like clean drinking water or considering modern times, the availability of opportunities like mega manufacturing sites or technology hubs which create jobs but China seems to have been playing by a different set of rules when it comes to building new cities today. There are 662 cities in China out of which roughly 50 cities are considered to be ghost cities since the occupancy rate is way lower than their actual potential these cities are estimated to have empty properties in order of 64 million whereas the total population of China is 1.4 to billion.

THE PAST

One might think that these ghost cities are a recent Chinese phenomenon but if we take a look at China's infrastructural development in the last few decades, it turns out to be a proven strategy for urbanization cities like Shenzhen & PUDONG which were considered ghost cities a few years back are now thriving and have become profit centers for China. Just to give you an idea the city of PADANG, which was considered to be empty back in 1993 has an occupancy rate of 99% today and is considered to be the most populated district in SHANGHAI while SHENZHEN again.

 SET OF RULES

A former ghost city in southern China is today considered to be a Silicon Valley of tech hardware remember that the Chinese play by a different set of rules when it comes to building their cities. here's the rule they follow to build a city bring a factory near or within that city and people will come on their own however bizarre it may sound this reverse engineering has worked for the Chinese in the past and we're about to get into the house and wise behind it but first we'd like to share a traveling tip for those of you planning to visit China. Anytime soon you might be aware of their internet policy meaning you won't be able to access any of the free platforms you currently use but we have you covered that's why we recommend using a VPN.  It's super easy to use a piece of software that protects your data online so the government or other companies can't spy on you and you can enjoy the Internet you know and love. The Chinese people abandon their native homes and move to these empty cities but in the past government initiatives like providing subsidized transport facilities lowering the rent rates and creating jobs by influencing big fat manufacturers to set up a factory within the ghost city have helped to fill up these empty spaces also factors like a volatile domestic stock market unattractive interest rates offered by banks and zero property tax have made real estate a major investment option within the country. This has led to a rise in the number of second and third-time homebuyers in China along with a rise in the number of ghost cities speaking of places where rich Asians are investing in real estate.

GOVERNMENT'S PROPERTY

In China the government owns all the land within the borders of the country and any piece of land can be taken on lease from the government for a maximum period of 70 years.  This aspect is particularly important since no matter whether ghost cities are inhabited or not the land beneath them will always be the government's property in the long term also the term city in China is a legal entity itself in form of a municipality and excises control over everything within its boundaries including the funds received from taxes which makes it less dependent on the funds received from the central government in China and so more lucrative than conserving farmland for those excising control over it but how does this impact the locals with cities spreading rapidly across the country. It's estimated the urban population in China will be around 1 billion in the next 15 years at present the local governments of these empty cities are using the cities as money printing machines and are generating money through land sales whereas young Chinese people who are planning to get married are buying them to showcase, their financial stability in a race to get a better wife now. One might think that things are working fine for both parties but there have been several instances where people have been forced by the government to vacate their ancestral homes and if they didn't budge cities are built around them. Also on average, these empty properties have been valued in a range of 500,000 to 1 million US dollars whereas the average monthly income of a common man in China is 1,100 US dollars which again makes it difficult for locals to buy them without substantial amounts of debt.

HOW DOES THIS IMPACT THE WORLD?

Countries like Australia which are major exporters of resources like iron, and ore are more than happy with the rising number of ghost cities but countries like the USA which already suffered in the past due to the loss of manufacturing jobs to China might have other views. Also, foreigners who have worked or studied in China for the last year are allowed to own property in China but these foreigners can only buy one residential property and they are not allowed to rent it out. So if you're planning to invest in these ghost cities you better think it through will it work in the future although building ghost cities has led to economic booms and urbanization in the past and in the future, this model of development might not sustained for example consider the city of Ordos. One of the famous ghost cities in Inner Mongolia this city was built eyeing up jobs that would be created through coal extraction in the region and still continues to be a ghost city due to the crash in the demand for coal and a lack of stable job opportunities also there is a supply chain issue that needs to be addressed the number of raw materials used for building these cities is gigantic it's estimated that the amount of raw materials used by China in the last three decades is equivalent to the amount of cement used by the USA in the entire 20th century thus in the long run the rising price and raw materials may not justify the scale of ongoing construction conclusion one might think that building empty spaces on such a large scale without a substantial demand does not make economic sense but in reality, Beijing is betting on the income generated through the debt received from the land sales the ghost cities have helped boosting China's economy in the past but in the future, they may not help to sustain the economy in 2018 China's economic growth rate was 6.6 percent one of the lowest after the year 1990 and research has shown that China's economic growth is cooling looks like it's time for China to rewrite the rules once again.

 

PRE- EMINENT BERETTA PISTOLS 2022

PRE- EMINENT BERETTA PISTOLS 2022

It is not a secret that Beretta is a popular and revered gun manufacturer over the years Beretta guns have been enjoyed by the United States military recently their firearms are being explored by civilian users as well. Interestingly enough Beretta is an Italian gun maker but today it's undeniable that it's a stable source for American firearms why is this the case, in a nutshell, Beretta pistols are pretty accurate which is one of the reasons why the US military has adopted them specifically. They exceed the standard thanks to their fixed barrel design most of them also showcase excellent grip construction durable design and impeccable sights and accessories. 

1. BERETTA 92X COMPACT

Let's start with the little beast the Beretta 92x compact, it is a perfect option for a concealed carry gun as its name suggests. This unit is a smaller version of the Beretta 92 or M9 so you can expect a lot of good things from this pistol. It has several configurations on its builds as compared to its full-size version allowing it to fit in holsters perfectly, its intuitive build also enables convenient drawing of the pistol, furthermore it flaunts a modern approach to its construction as compared to its counterparts. It is undeniable that the 92x compact is lighter and more durable. Beretta gun has a 4.25-inch barrel that showcases a robust 13 plus 1 9 millimeter capacity, however you can find other aftermarket magazines that can suffice 15 plus one round of ammo because this is a compact version of the Beretta 92 doesn't mean that it is a downgrade that's not entirely true at all, for instance it no longer included a classic slide and perforated the vertex slide additional improvements include dovetailed rear and front sides the front sight features a high visibility orange insert it enables a quick sight acquisition.  

2. BERETTA APX

You can also notice that its grip housing has been shaved allowing a straight grip, which is pretty similar to the M9A3 and this decreases the trigger reach but the question is what does that mean, it means that the pistol is a lot simpler to shoot number four Beretta apex. The quality of the Beretta apex is the entry of Beretta for the XM17 handgun tests when the US military was searching for a new sidearm. Of course, the SIG P320 was the one that won the trials, however, it was not the death of the apex. It was still selling pretty well while it is true that Beretta is popular for its double-action automatic handguns the apex isn't on the same line specifically. It is a polymer-framed striker-fired pistol you can say that it is an Italian Glock and nobody would mock you on that since it follows military specifications. The Beretta apex has modular back straps that allow you to change your grip, it also has ambidextrous slide release levels and an interchangeable magazine release. Its grip housing also includes understated finger grooves for handling convenience and enhanced shooting grip interestingly. Its slide is machined to be tacky hence you can utilize it in any setting and environment and you are free to order the tactical units of the apex. After all, it comes with red dot optics and extended barrels. I am confident that it's an excellent tactical pistol, alternatively you can also order its standard version if you think you need a reliable civilian handgun, a compact version of the apex centurion. Hence you can use this gun as your preferred concealed carry and if that's not enough you can also find a single stack sub-compact model of this firearm. 

3. BERETTA M9 

Meanwhile, its trigger is not a 1911 grade but it is downright among the best ones in the polymer striker gun. It's no longer a new thing if the word ultimatedly use in a description of a popular firearm gun enthusiasts all over the world, having right to determine which gun is ultimate for them, however in the world of handguns, this adjective is objectively fitting to the Beretta M9 surprised. The M9 is one of the original Beretta guns it has already reached a legendary stature it won the most coveted US military contract in 1985. At the same time, it also secured another contract renewal for two decades, thanks to its extreme durability and toughness.  It has been used in the harsh deserts of Iraq and the freezing summits of the Afghan mountains. Arguably today no pistol is as durable reliable and accurate as the Beretta M9. Aside from being called the ultimate handgun it also garnered the moniker world defender however the question is how durable the Beretta M9… Well, it remains functional at temperatures as low as negative 40 degrees Fahrenheit and as high as 140 degrees Fahrenheit. It can also fire over 35,000 rounds of commercial ammo before it can experience a failure. It remains operational even after being buried in snow or sand and you can still fire it if you've dropped it on hard surfaces. These feeds are not something that you can find on other pistols. Another special aspect of the Beretta M9 is its superior accuracy in the firing range. It exhibits firing consistency it meant the government standards of firing 10 shot groups of 3 inches or less at a distance of 50 meters. In this test, many premium handguns did fail, so the mere fact that the Beretta M9 easily aced this trial. 

4. BERETTA USA PX4 STORM

I have personally experienced firing the Beretta USA PX4 storm and I can say that it's a fine piece of machinery it has decent firepower but doesn't pose excessive recoils, which makes its handling easy it is accurate reliable and can survive in any condition because of its durable construction specifically this handgun comes with a stainless steel slide while its frame is a combination of stainless steel and techno polymer reinforced by fiberglass such a design allows the pistol to sustain consistent performance regardless of the environment this semi-automatic firearm has a double action single action mechanism allowing you to interchange its setup based on your preferences many police and military personnel all over the world are using the px4 storm because of its innate versatility, i could also say that this gun could become your favorite home defense gun because of its ease of usage one of the most awesome aspects of the Beretta USA px4 storm is its compliance with strict military standards it has been reported that it can fire more than 150 000 rounds without sustaining breakages and unlike other pistols it's notable that this gun doesn't have too many parts enabling simplicity and reducing stress its safety system is also impressive it gives you an automatic firing pin block and a flip up ambidextrous manual safety for added peace of mind the lines of the pistol are impervious to snagging allowing you to holster or re-holster the gun as conveniently as possible its trigger guard has a rounded design that facilitates the proper position of the supporting hand a picatinny rail is also included on its frame so you can expect that mounting laser optics on the pistol is fairly easy its modular design and  interchangeable back straps allow you to configure it based on your shooting preferences and hand size.

5. Beretta USA 92FS NX

Finally number one Beretta USA 92fs nx stainless pistol even the latest Beretta pistols can't hold a candle to the Beretta USA 92fs enix it is a tested and tried handgun boasting its phenomenal accuracy and durability even after prolonged use it utilizes a short recoil system in its architecture which is coupled with delayed locking block mechanisms on its slide as a result the gun cycles quickly without degrading its overall precision furthermore its use of a short recoil system and open top slide removes the need for cumbersome maintenance in fact other Beretta pistols suffer from this problem so it's a good deal if you can try the Beretta USA 92 fx enix you can also guarantee that it has a level of durability expected for a military-grade handgun it can survive longer than its counterparts another interesting aspect of this gun is that it gives you all the features of the iconic M9 which is the official sidearm of the us military hence having this gun may indicate that you can experience the performance of arguably one of the best pistols today its internal parts barrel and slide are made from stainless steel meanwhile its alloy frame has been anodized to complement finish and color of some of its components with its stippled textured soft rubber grips the gun efficiently absorbs recoil while keeping your firm positive grip aside from being a stylish handgun the Beretta USA 92 fs enix is also a suitable option for self and home defense you can also use this double single action semi-automatic pistol as your everyday carry or a firearm for recreational shooting moreover the Beretta usa 92 fs enix comes with a reversible magazine release and an ambidextrous safety decocker sanchez feature indicates that this gun is ambidextrous as well. 

 POSEIDON- STATUE OF NEPTUNE

 

The amazing statue of Neptune in Spain’s grand Canaria, the statue of Neptune god of water lies about 40 feet off the shore of gran Canaria most of the day it is fully visible but when the tide comes in, it looks like it's emerging from the depths of the sea.  The statue of Neptune also called Poseidon at Melonera beach in the city of Los Palmas, the capital of gran Canaria one of Spain’s Canary Islands Melonera beach in Gran Canaria makes us feel like kings of the sea for at least a day sculptor Luis Aaroncipia carries the sea in his piercing stare as did Poetralphier Alberti. The Atlantic glint in his eyes has an explanation and an origin as a boy he would swim out to the point where the volcanic rock poked over the sea on the south side of milliner beach in gran Canaria.  Many years later, Aaron sibia would create a four-meter-high bronze sculpture of Neptune that still towers over the area to this day, allowing the lord of the seas to look out over his kingdom from his watchtower. The story of the sculptor who elevated the king of the seas onto this stone throne on the water's surface demonstrates just how each place possesses its particular biography.  

In this case, Melonera beach can rightly boast of being a place for tranquil people of still waters and peaceful environments the same tale is written daily on the fine sands of mostly volcanic origin along the coast of Telde a coastline in which the sun is nearly an ever-present illuminating upon a scenario of happy tales the good Neptune is not the only ocean inhabitant around the surface of the water, the restaurant specializing in fresh fish and seafood that looks over the avenue and coastal surroundings is another of the top attraction at Melania beach Melonera is a delicate sandy strip that runs for 700 meters sheltered by large stone guards that is to say the two bell rock arms that hug and provide the boundary for the beach that is also packed with a huge array of services and facilities as the sun sinks in the water. 

Millionaire takes on an almost surreal metallic blue hue like a sheet of liquid out of which Neptune rises impassively as the first nighttime shadows begin to get caught up on his fork at this point marinara sinks into its inner self while the sunlight slips away to make way for the artificial lights in the village.

Plant Uranus and Neptune Discoveries

At the solar system’s farthest reaches lie the ice giants Uranus and Neptune, their calm-looking blue atmospheres, huge ominous storms, delicate sets of encircling rings, and moons with icy terrain hold many mysteries. NASA’s Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited these two planets in the 1980s, but the visits were very short now scientists have learned some amazing things about both these planets, and something is probably happening on their surface that you won’t believe! There are four gas giants out there in our solar system but unlike Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are rich in water. 

Most of that water is in the form of ice, and now new studies found there may also be oceans under their icy layers but that’s not all. Researchers now say these oceans could be rich in magnesium but these oceans might be made of something else entirely and we’ll get to that soon. We need to mention that even though Uranus and Neptune are considered gas planets, they are also called ice giants because of their rocky, icy cores which are much larger than the amount of gas they hold some strange things have been discovered lately, and researchers have been trying to figure out what is happening on the surface of these two ice giants. Not only that, but some have wondered what it might be like if you tried to land on any so-called ‘surface’ of Neptune and Uranus.

You may have also heard that it could actually rain diamonds on these planets and now some researchers believe that both Uranus and Neptune could have oceans of liquid diamonds. Now that sounds wild! But how is this possible? Keep that in mind, because we’re going to get to that in a couple of minutes but first, let’s take a look at each of these planets, and we’ll tell you the most incredible things that have been discovered up to now. You have to admit that Uranus is a bit of a sad and lonely world. One that is tired of being the butt of many bad jokes, including that one. However, its name is a reference to the Greek God of the sky. This freezing world was the first planet ever discovered using a telescope in 1781 by William Herschel, and is about 2.9 billion kilometers [1.8 billion miles] from the Sun. Voyager 2 got as close as 80,000 kilometers [50,000 miles] from the planet and captured only a handful of images but those images had astronomers thinking it's possible that something really big crashed into Uranus in the early days of the solar system, not once, but twice! The result of these two big impacts left the planet rotating on its side this means it is orbiting the sun like a rolling ball, which, by the way, takes 84 Earth years to go around once. Uranus has 27 moons, and they could have formed from these big collisions that put the planet on its side also, its magnetic north and south are way different from its polar north and south because of this, there are some bizarre seasonal effects. Imagine a planet that has its south pole pointing at the Sun, while the North pole is shrouded in complete darkness for 21 years!

In 2011, telescopes showed something strange happening on the planet: a big fuzzy white spot appeared on its frigid blue cloud tops, and astronomers claimed it was a giant methane storm some of these storms have been spotted by the Hubble Telescope; huge storms half or more the size of the entire USA! The average temperature in the methane and ammonia clouds is -192.8°Celsius [-315 Fahrenheit]. Winds on the planet can reach up to 144 kilometers per hour [360 mph] and by the way, Saturn isn’t the only planet in the solar system to have rings around it. Uranus has two sets of rings both orbiting above its equator but its icy twin Neptune is even farther away from the Sun, some 4.5 billion kilometers away!  [2.8 billion miles] and it takes 165 years to orbit the Sun. Voyager 2 was able to get as close as 4,828 kilometers [3,000 miles] to Neptune, which appears to be made up mostly of ‘ices’ and rock, and could have a rock-ice core about 1.2 times the size of the Earth, and around 10 times the Earth’s mass. Its atmosphere is made up of three-fourths hydrogen and one-fourth helium with a small amount of methane that produces clouds.

The bluish color of the planet is from light scattering and red wavelength absorption by the methane in its atmosphere. Like Jupiter’s giant iconic red eye, Neptune also has a huge dark vortex; an anticyclonic storm called the ‘Great Dark Spot’ that is 11,000 kilometers across, almost as big as the Earth, and it’s racing across Neptune at 1,100 kilometers per hour [700 miles per hour] But that’s not all. Neptune has the most ferocious and fastest planetary winds in the entire Solar System reaching 2,000 kilometers per hour [1,200 miles per hour].

No place for a holiday. The energy for those high-speed winds is not coming from the Sun, but what might be happening closer to the core of the planet. Neptune appears to have some kind of internal heat source and radiates twice as much energy as it gets from the Sun. even though it’s farther away from the Sun than Uranus, it’s a bit warmer thanks to Neptune’s atmosphere which is probably holding in heat from its hot core. Now, both of these planets have unstable and strange magnetic fields that are strongly tilted relative to each planet's rotation axis and are significantly offset from the physical center of each planet. It’s been a long mystery for some time now, and no one is sure why these magnetic fields act so strange.

The magnetic field on Neptune is 27 times more powerful than that of the Earth, while Uranus only has a magnetic field 1/3rd as strong as the Earth and we’ll explain in a minute what scientists think is causing the magnetic fields to act strange... Even though it might seem cold on both these worlds, and the magnetic fields are bizarre, intense heat and pressure thousands of kilometers below the surface of each planet may tell a different story the atmospheres of both planets are primarily made up of hydrogen and helium with small amounts of methane.

Below these atmospheric layers is a superhot, super dense fluid of ‘icy’ materials like water, methane, and ammonia that wrap around the planet's core because of this, astronomers studying these two ice giants have concluded that it could be raining diamonds closer to the surface of each planet. This is possible because deep inside both these ice giants, pressure and heat build until gaseous hydrogen turns into liquid metallic hydrogen. Methane in the atmosphere decomposes, and as the bonds holding methane’s four hydrogen atoms dissolve, the carbon atoms left over bind to one another under extreme pressure to form diamonds. At its core, Neptune reaches temperatures of up to 7273 Kelvin [7000 °C; 12632 °F] which is comparable to the Sun! While the core of Uranus heats up to 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit [4,982 degrees Celsius] Yes, it could be raining diamonds closer to each planet's core but not only that, it is also possible that there are oceans of liquid diamonds beneath the surface of the two ice giants. The research was done by taking detailed measurements of the melting point of the diamond. When a diamond is melted, it behaves like water during freezing and melting with solid forms floating atop liquid forms.

 Diamond is a very hard material making it hard to melt and measuring the melting point of a diamond is also very difficult because when it’s heated to very high temperatures, diamond changes to graphite but it’s diamond that turns into a liquid, not graphite. So what scientists did to get around this problem is exposing the diamond to extremely high pressures by blasting it with lasers. Diamond is liquefied at pressures 40 million times greater than found at Earth’s sea level. When the pressure is lowered to 11 million times greater than Earth’s sea level, chunks of diamonds start to appear. But something happened that scientists didn’t expect. The chunks of the diamond didn’t sink but floated on top of the liquid diamond layer creating diamond icebergs. These are the same ultrahigh temperatures and ultrahigh pressures found on both Uranus and Neptune.  Both planets are estimated to be made up of 10% carbon. So, a large ocean of liquid diamonds could deflect or tilt the magnetic field out of alignment with the rotation of the planet...which could explain the strange magnetic field behavior. Is it possible that both planets have rain diamonds and vast oceans of liquid diamonds?

Only by sending a spacecraft there will we find out. Now researchers and scientists are trying to get NASA to send a spacecraft to these two worlds to study them.  But the planets will be closest to the Earth soon, and astronomers say that a spacecraft would need to be launched by 2030 to take advantage of Jupiter's gravity, and slingshot the spacecraft towards these ice giants to arrive in the mid-2040s. In April 2021, astronomers spotted x-rays coming from Uranus using the Chandra X-ray observatory. This revealed some unknown dimensions of the colorful ice planet. This means that x-ray emissions have been detected on every planet in our solar system now, except for Neptune. In case you’re wondering, there are three ways a planet can produce x-rays; fluorescence, scattering of solar x-rays, and emissions from auroras. Uranus is scattering the sun's x-rays, and x-rays are also being created by energetic electrons or protons which collide with the rings causing them to glow in x-rays. It’s pretty much the same thing that causes Earth’s beautiful and amazing auroras. We may soon know a lot more about these two mysterious planets in the future.

 

Evolution of MIG

  

Flying at the edge of space at four times the speed of sound is a new Russian interceptor and it is perhaps the last chance for the legendary Mikoyan Nagulovic bureau to survive since the late 50s soviets and Russian’s have been developing interceptor aircraft to cover their vast territory and respond to any threats to their almost 60 000 kilometer long border interceptors have always had a special status within the soviet and Russian air forces with the legendary mig-25 and its successor the mig-31 being always somewhat of a mystery and a serious threat at to the west but now the time has come for the next generation of interceptors a new jet projected to surpass in speed and maximum altitude of even that of the legendary sr-71 this is the story of the new Russian thunder screaming across the horizon the pack dp Russia is big and a big country has big borders and during the cold war the Soviet Union found it challenging to defend and control their airspace at any one time the us knew this defense was like swiss cheese and developed spy planes like the u2 and sr-71 flying missions’ way behind enemy lines getting all the information and tactical advantage they needed in the cold war so the soviets needed a solution the mig-25 was developed as an answer to the threat of USA supersonic bombers an extremely high altitude flying spy planes like the u2 but after the defection of victor belenko in 1976 the us dissected and analyzed everything they wanted from the mig-25 the soviet union was left holding the bag and was forced to develop a new interceptor but these soviet engineers wouldn't have had to go to such insane lengths and build such a cutting-edge jet to beat the Americans. 

 

 

I personally recommend the documentary the fall of the iron curtain a look at the day that the iron curtain fell in berlin that trapped one-half of the city under the Soviet Union thus the MIG-31 was born and became the main interceptor of the union armed with long-range R33 and then at the time state-of-the-art r37 missiles another innovation of the MIG -31 was the huge zestlon radar which was the first ever p-e-s-a radar mounted on a fighter jet with its 400-kilometer range and having missiles that could hit targets up to 300 kilometers away a maximum speed of Mach 2.8 and a server ceiling of 25 kilometers up in the sky the mig-31 was the perfect killing machine against any large target either super or subsonic trying to invade the Russian airspace but this would be the last grand ovation for the firm in recent years the MiG bureau has been experiencing failure after failure on the international market almost stopping their aircraft reduction.

They've had some small orders of modernized mig-29s here and there and a limited run of mig-35 orders for the Russian air force while focusing on modernization and maintenance of current aircraft but all of that may change in the future and the glorious days may yet to come for this historic firm during the late 80s the MiG design bureau decided that something had to be done and actually started working on a new interceptor project planned to replace the legendary mig-31. At the beginning of the 21st century back then it was known simply as is Delia 7.01 and would be the Russian jet of the future the design was abandoned in 1991 due to a lack of funds and instead they opted for several modifications of the Mig-31 platform throughout the years but the engineers there at the MiG bureau could not shake the idea that it was time for a new jet aircraft during the mid-2010s rumors had started to swirl around about a new design but nothing was solely revealed until 2018.

When the first official information about a new interceptor under development it's officially known under fancy name of the pack DP or prospective aviation complex for long range interception or internally simply known as the Isdalia 41 where the supposed MIG-41 designation comes from however take this all with a grain of salt because official designations are only ever given when the aircraft actually enters active service with the Russian air force and this calling card was given by the media it's said that this plane will conceptually be based on the MIG-31 however some of the specs are completely bonkers and questionable one of them being a max speed up to 4.3 for comparison the SR-71 blackbird the fastest military jet in history had a maximum speed of Mach 3.3 and the engineers had to overcome huge problems with materials heating and aircraft construction to achieve that other sources however put the maximum speed at around Mach 3.5 for this new Russian jet which is more reasonable but should still present a serious challenge for the engineers it's planned to have a slightly smaller radar cross section than the current aircraft or in simple words some stealth capabilities which will most likely make sense only from a frontal sphere of the aircraft because the enormous engines needed to power this beast will surely make the engineers do all kinds of sacrifices to the design in order to accommodate them and radar signature from the back or side will definitely be much larger everything else. At this point is pure speculation but what we can assume is that it will either match or surpass the characteristics of the Mig-31 with range and server ceiling which are 3 000 kilometers and 25 000 meters respectively what isn't so far-fetched is the weapons and boy do we have something to discuss here PAC-DP will most likely carry new long-range R37 missiles along with the new king Zhao hypersonic missile which Mig-31s are also equipped with.

Now the interesting part here are the so-called satellite killer missiles which should be also implemented with the new interceptor Russia has been developing a sat missiles for a long time with the latest being the a235 noodle which successfully shot down an old soviet-made satellite cosmos 1408 in 2021 this system is made to work with the famous don 2n radar and will be able to intercept and destroy hypersonic and ballistic nuclear missiles along with the satellites noodle however is a huge missile launch from the ground and Russian’s are developing it primarily for the defense of the Moscow area but we can say with fear certainly that the pak dp will be able to carry asap missiles having in mind that recently MIG-31s were spotted carrying absolutely massive new missiles called BOROVESNIK possible further development of the 79m6 contact missile it's rumored to be an as at weapon working in conjunction with the satellites of the same name which are all covered with a veil of secrecy and a rely mentioned in Russian media and that was obviously a lot of complex Russian words rather than that Russian are also looking into laser weaponry for this new interceptor made either as missile defense or for blinding the enemy sensors in optics a new airborne laser called sokol echelon based on the bereave 860 has been used recently for different applications of high energy beams and for sure both Russia and western countries will make use of this kind of weapons into the future also did you know that during the cold war the Russians were working on an actual laser tank that is right and it is definitely something.

I want to cover in the future here on the channel so if you like the content so far then consider subscribing it is fair to say that the pack DP would be a serious threat in the air both in a defensive and offensive role and with the SU-57 and PAK DEA it would be the backbone of the new Russian air force only time will show us how accurate some of these claims are if this aircraft is faster than THESR-71 but it's great to see that no matter the reason that aircraft engineers are pushing the envelope for creating some of the mightiest birds in the sky.